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Introduction Precise needle puncture of the renal collecting system is an essential step for successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The use of ultrasound for puncture is receiving increased attention. Ultrasound has recognised limitations related to poor visualisation of the needle tip. We aimed to assess if an affordable open source computerized needle navigation training system, using optically tracked ultrasonography, could improve performance of simulated PCNL puncture by urological trainees, compared to conventional free h
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