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INTRODUCTION Interleukin (IL)-1β, as a key biomarker and mediator of vascular calcification in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), may be involved in the process of premature senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This work sought to investigate whether IL-1β-induced premature senescence contributes to the process of osteoblastic transition and vascular calcification in VSMCs. METHODS Eighty-eight patients with ESRD (aged 25-81 years), 11 healthy individuals, and 15 cases of lesion-free distal radial arteries from
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