What Is Panic Disorder?
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks — sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that peak within minutes.

Common Symptoms of Panic Disorder:
Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
Shortness of breath or choking sensations
Sweating or chills
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Fear of losing control or dying
A persistent worry about future panic attacks
Panic disorder can be debilitating and may cause people to avoid situations or places where panic attacks have occurred, leading to agoraphobia in some cases.

What Is Substance Use Disorder (SUD)?
Substance use disorder is a mental health condition where a person repeatedly uses drugs or alcohol despite harmful consequences.

Common Signs of SUD:
Strong cravings or urges to use
Inability to stop using despite efforts
Withdrawal symptoms
Tolerance (needing more to get the same effect)
Neglect of responsibilities or relationships
SUD can involve substances like alcohol, prescription medications, cannabis, stimulants (e.g., cocaine, meth), or opioids.

Understanding Panic Disorder and Substance Use Disorder as a Dual Diagnosis
When a person experiences both panic disorder and substance use disorder, it’s called a dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorder. The interaction between the two can intensify symptoms, complicate treatment, and increase the risk of long-term health problems.

How Are They Connected?
Self-medication: Many individuals with panic disorder turn to substances like alcohol or benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax) to ease their anxiety. This often leads to dependency.
Substance-induced panic: Drugs like caffeine, cocaine, or marijuana can trigger panic attacks or worsen anxiety over time.
Biological overlap: Both disorders may stem from dysregulation of neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin, and dopamine.
Genetic predisposition: Family history plays a role in developing both panic disorder and SUD.
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