https://www.selleckchem.com/TGF-beta.html
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are vital pathophysiological features post-TBI. Research has shown that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can attenuate oxidative stress in various diseases. However, the critical role of VNS in TBI is still not completely understood. This study investigated the protective effects and potential mechanism of VNS on TBI. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 3 groups sham, TBI, and TBI + VNS. The TBI model was induced
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