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In the chronic group, varenicline significantly increased MDA and MPO production, and reduced CAT and GPx levels in the kidneys and testes. Also, SOD and GSH levels significantly decreased in the testes. Moreover, sperm characteristics were negatively affected; histopathological deformation was observed in the testes and kidneys in all groups. Conclusion This study showed that varenicline could detrimentally affect the kidneys and testes in both acute and chronic term usage. Further studies will provide more insights into the molecular d
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