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In vitro study demonstrated that pinacidil inhibited tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1β expression in M1-type microglia and alleviated the M1 microglia-induced GFAP expression in the Müller cells. Furthermore, we found that pinacidil on its own, or in combination with IL-4, can upregulate arginase-1 (Arg-1) and Kir6.1 expression in microglial cells. Our results suggest that potassium channels are critically involved in diabetes-induced gliosis and microglial activation. The KATP opener, pinacidil, can reduce microglial activation b
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